Protocols and there use

In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the internet protocol suit for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.

TCP/IP is the commonly used nickname for the set of network protocols composing the Internet Protocol suite. Many texts use the term "Internet" to describe both the protocol suite and the global wide-area network. To interconnect your TCP/IP network with other networks, you must obtain a unique IP network number. IP network  numbers are assigned by an organization known as the InterNIC. If hosts on your network are going to participate in the Internet Domain Name system (DNS), you must obtain and register a unique domain name. The InterNIC also handles the registration of domain names under certain top-level domains such as .com, .edu and .gov.

TCP enables applications to communicate with each other as though connected by a physical circuit. TCP sends data in a form that appears to be transmitted in a character-by-character fashion, rather than as discreet packets. This transmission consists of a starting point, which opens the connection, the entire transmission in byte order, and an ending point, which closes the connection.

TCP attaches a header onto the transmitted data. This header contains a large number of parameters that help processes on the sending machine connect to peer processes on the receiving machine.
TCP confirms that a packet has reached its destination by establishing an end-to-end connection between sending and receiving hosts. TCP is therefore considered a "reliable, connection-oriented" protocol.
UDP, the other transport layer protocol, provides datagram delivery service. It does not provide any means of verifying that connection was ever achieved between receiving and sending hosts. Because UDP eliminates the processes of establishing

and verifying connections, applications that send small amounts of data use it rather than TCP.

RIP is implemented by in.routed, the routing daemon, which automatically starts when the machine boots. When run on a router with the option specified, in.routed fills the kernel routing table with a route to every reachable network and advertises "reachability" through all network interfaces.

Riddle infrastructure of DNS root name

DNS root servers are the most critical component for a successful working of internet. Because the first step in resolving any domain name and something happens to them at large, by which the internet will be affected.

First of all we have to know what the DNS root name servers actually do and how they are operate. This servers are a small but essential part of the internet DomainName System (DNS). Which is reliably publish the contents of one small file to the internet. The file is called the root zone file.

Compare to many other services on the internet  this service is rather unspectacular. The function and content of the root zone file are what make it special and cause it to be at the focus of increased attention. The root zone file is at the apex of a hierarchical distributed database called the Domain Name System (DNS). This database is used by almost all Internet applications to translate worldwide unique names like www.hostthebiz.com into other identifiers; the web, e-mail and many other services make use of the DNS.

DNS was made, just because we human can remember names better than numbers. But computer’s and network addresses are always numbers. So there must be some technology in between that will sit and translate names to number’s. But its only a starting point of the entire translation procedure, because this root servers never does the complete job of translation. Although we humans will read it like www dot example dot com. The computer that will initiate the job of translation will start reading it from right to left rather than left to right. It will be something like dot com example www. So the translating will begin its job from right to left, with dot com example www. The first dot, indicates root servers. DNS server computer/software must know the number (numerical IP address) of them, because they are the starting point. There are 13 IP addresses/number of these DOT servers that every DNS software already know by default.

Root servers are operate by twelve organization. Each operator is responsible for providing reliable DNS service to the internet at large from their address. Some operators still provide the service from one location with one or more physical machines. But other operator provide the service from multiple locations using a method called ‘any cast’. The actual root name servers machines are located at more than 80 location in 34 countries.